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This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations.In The Rules of Rescue, Theron Pummer argues that we are often morally required to engage in effective altruism, directing altruistic efforts in ways that help the most. Even when the personal sacrifice involved makes it morally permissible not to help at all, he contends, it often remains wrong to provide less help rather than more. He argues that the ubiquity of opportunities to help distant strangers threatens to make morality extremely demanding, and that it is only thanks to adequate permissions grounded in considerations of cost and autonomy that we may pursue our own plans and projects. He concludes that many of us are required to provide no less help over our lives than we would have done if we were effective altruists.

Altruism. --- Altruistic behavior --- Unselfishness --- Conduct of life --- Helping behavior

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Athenians in the classical period (508-322 BC) were drawn to an image of themselves as a compassionate and generous people who rushed to the aid of others in distress, both at home and abroad. What relation does this image bear to actual Athenian behavior? This book argues that Athenians felt little pressure as individuals to help fellow citizens whom they did not know. Democratic ideology called on citizens to refrain from harming one another rather than to engage in mutual support, and emphasized the importance of the helping relationship between citizen and city rather than among individual citizens. If the obligation of Athenians to help fellow citizens was fairly tenuous, all the more so was their responsibility to intervene to assist the peoples of other states; a distinct pragmatism prevailed in the city's decisions concerning intervention abroad.

Altruism --- Altruisme --- History --- Histoire --- Athens (Greece) --- Athènes (Grèce) --- Politics and government. --- Politique et gouvernement --- Political aspects --- Ancient --- General. --- Athènes (Grèce) --- Arts and Humanities --- Altruistic behavior --- Unselfishness --- Conduct of life --- Helping behavior

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Drop something in front of a two-year-old, and she's likely to pick it up for you. This is not a learned behavior, psychologist Michael Tomasello argues. Through observations of young children in experiments he himself has designed, Tomasello shows that children are naturally--and uniquely--cooperative. Put through similar experiments, for example, apes demonstrate the ability to work together and share, but choose not to. As children grow, their almost reflexive desire to help--without expectation of reward--becomes shaped by culture. They become more aware of being a member of a group. Groups convey mutual expectations, and thus may either encourage or discourage altruism and collaboration. Either way, cooperation emerges as a distinctly human combination of innate and learned behavior.In Why We Cooperate, Tomasello's studies of young children and great apes help identify the underlying psychological processes that very likely supported humans' earliest forms of complex collaboration and, ultimately, our unique forms of cultural organization, from the evolution of tolerance and trust to the creation of such group-level structures as cultural norms and institutions.Scholars Carol Dweck, Joan Silk, Brian Skyrms, and Elizabeth Spelke respond to Tomasello's findings and explore the implications

Helping behavior. --- Altruism --- Cooperativeness --- Social norms --- Altruism. --- Cooperativeness. --- Social norms. --- Social psychology --- Helping behavior --- Comportement d'aide --- Altruisme --- Coopération (Psychologie) --- Normes sociales --- Sociale psychologie --- Folkways --- Norms, Social --- Rules, Social --- Social rules --- Manners and customs --- Social control --- Behavior, Helping --- Human behavior --- Interpersonal relations --- Caring --- Cooperation (Psychology) --- Altruistic behavior --- Unselfishness --- Conduct of life

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How can social bonds in society be strengthened? How do we learn and develop prosocial behaviour?This comprehensive textbook provides up-to-date coverage of the social phenomenon of prosocial behaviour, incorporating all the major developments in the fields of developmental and social psychology. The first section identifies different forms of prosocial behaviour, including estimates of prevalence in everyday situations and the controversy between biological and cultural perspectives as explanatory models of prosocial behaviour. The second and third sections focus on learning and dev

Helping behavior. --- Altruism. --- Interpersonal relations. --- Comportement d'aide --- Altruisme --- Relations humaines --- Psychology, Applied. --- #PBIB:2002.4 --- Sociale psychologie --- sociale interactie --- sociale interactie. --- Sociale interactie. --- Human relations --- Interpersonal relationships --- Personal relations --- Relations, Interpersonal --- Relationships, Interpersonal --- Social behavior --- Social psychology --- Object relations (Psychoanalysis) --- Altruistic behavior --- Unselfishness --- Conduct of life --- Helping behavior --- Behavior, Helping --- Human behavior --- Interpersonal relations --- Altruism --- Caring

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Doing for others--altruism--is arguably one of the most human of our activities. Arguable too are the origins of altruism: biology, psychology, culture, all of the above? Researchers have been exploring all three in intriguing lines of inquiry. But as the world grows smaller, culture grows as a major dimension in how, and why, people help others. The contributors to Altruism in Cross-Cultural Perspective employ a wealth of methods to examine selfless acts on a global scale. Extensive discussions help to define this elusive concept, in some cases expanding it to include empathy, cooperation, generosity, and Eastern and Western spirituality. Considerations of gender, urban/rural life, family relationships, and other key variables are included, as are relevant findings from evolutionary psychology and neuroscience. And inroads are made in answering such longstanding questions as why altruistic acts in one culture may not be perceived as such in others, and the costs of altruism to those who give. Among the topics featured:  Cultural values and volunteering: A cross-cultural perspective. Embracing the biosphere: Altruism in Indian religions. Cultural variations: Traditional parental manipulation and ancestor-descendant conflict. Do we really like the kind girls and animals?: Altruism in folktales. Daoism and altruism: A China-USA perspective. Mesoamerican religious festivals: Altruism in human ritual. To give or not to give?: Confessions of a humanitarian aid worker. Altruism in Cross-Cultural Perspective is timely reading for cross-cultural scholars and researchers of altruism and other pro-social behavior. Researchers from various disciplines will be especially interested in the book, including psychology, anthropology, sociology, biology, communication, philosophy, religious studies, gender studies, and bioethics.

Altruism --- Social Sciences --- Psychology --- Altruistic behavior --- Unselfishness --- Psychology. --- Biology --- Biological psychology. --- Cross-cultural psychology. --- Cross Cultural Psychology. --- Philosophy of Biology. --- Biological Psychology. --- Philosophy. --- Cross-cultural psychology --- Ethnic groups --- Ethnic psychology --- Folk-psychology --- Indigenous peoples --- National psychology --- Psychological anthropology --- Psychology, Cross-cultural --- Psychology, Ethnic --- Psychology, National --- Psychology, Racial --- Race psychology --- National characteristics --- Biological psychology --- Biopsychology --- Human behavior --- Biological psychiatry --- Vitalism --- Behavioral sciences --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Human biology --- Philosophy --- Soul --- Mental health --- Conduct of life --- Helping behavior --- Applied psychology. --- Biology-Philosophy. --- Applied psychology --- Psychagogy --- Psychology, Practical --- Social psychotechnics --- Biology—Philosophy.